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Objective To investigate the clinical value of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) and fecal calprotectin in predicting the severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) in children.Methods One hundred children with UC from March 2014 to March 2019 in Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital,Hubei University of Medicine were selected.According to the endoscopic severity index of ulcerative colitis (UCEIS),the children were divided into remission stage (29 cases);active stage (71cases),among whom 43 cases were mild-moderate,and 28 cases were severe.The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6),procalcitonin (PCT),C-reactive protein (CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),albumin,platelet,hemoglobin,white blood cell and p-ANCA were detected,and the fecal calprotectin was detected.The clinical value of each index in predicting the severity of UC was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results The course of disease,IL-6,PCT,CRP,ESR,p-ANCA and calprotectin in remission stage children were significantly lower than those in active stage children:(3.14 ± 1.25) years vs.(3.73 ± 0.89) years,(10.08 ± 4.40)/μg/L vs.(15.84 ± 3.22) μg/L,(1.02 ± 0.38) μg/Lvs.(1.38 ± 0.43) μg/L,(15.92 ± 6.13) mg/L vs.(24.30 ± 6.06) mg/L,(14.75 ± 6.42) mm/1 h vs.(25.31 ± 6.98) mm/1 h,(17.19 ± 4.76) U vs.(28.01 ± 6.12) U and (504.82 ± 127.46) μg/g vs.(717.04 ± 142.30) μg/g,and there were statistical differences (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01).The IL-6,CRP,ESR,white blood cell,p-ANCA and calprotectin in mild-moderate children were significantly lower than those in sever children:(14.56 ± 2.72) μg/L vs.(17.82 ± 2.93) μg/L,(22.01 ± 5.32) mg/L vs.(27.83 ± 5.46) mg/L,(22.31 ± 4.46) mm/1 h vs.(29.91 ± 7.70) mm/1 h,(7.33 ± 1.33) × 109/L vs.(8.38 ± 1.90) × 109/L,(25.52 ± 5.22) U vs.(31.83 ± 5.44) U and (632.80 ± 82.51) μg/g vs.(846.42 ± 11.10) μg/g,and there were statistical differences (P＜0.01 or ＜:0.05).Pearson correlation analysis result showed that,in active children,the UCEIS had high positive correlation with fecal calprotectin (r =0.707,P＜0.01),mild positive correlation with p-ANCA,ESR,IL-6,CRP and albumin (r =0.660,0.650,0.626,0.592 and 0.486;P＜0.01),and low positive correlation with PCT and white blood cell (r =0.362 and 0.245,P＜0.01 or ＜0.05).ROC curve analysis result showed that the optimal cut-off value of p-ANCA was 23.40 U,and the area under curve (AUC) in diagnosis of active stage UC was maximum (0.923),with a specificity of 93.1％ and a sensitivity of 78.9％;the optimal cut-off value of fecal calprotectin was 732.69 μg/g,and the AUC in diagnosis of active stage UC was maximum (0.937),with a specificity of 93.0％ and a sensitivity of 92.9％.Conclusions Serum p-ANCA is useful for UC disease activity diagnosis in children,while fecal calprotectin is independent predictor of the severe of UC.
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Objective To compare the dosimetric characteristics of the VMAT plans between the flattening-filter-free (FFF) and flattening filter (FF) modes for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and analyze the feasibility of VMAT plans in the FFF model applied in clinical practice.Methods Ten patients diagnosed with stage Ⅱ nasopharyngeal carcinoma between 2016 and 2017 were recruited in this investigation.For the CT image and clinical target volume (CTV) of the identical patient,FFF-and FF-mode VMAT plans were established with the identical prescription dose of 6 975 cGy and the identical modified parameters on the RayStation platform (6 MV X-ray).The dosimetric characteristics,the number of machine hops and the time of beam were recorded and statistically compared between the FFF and FF modes.Results The minimum dose D98％ target,target coverage,conformal index (CI) did not significantly differ between the FF and FFF plans (P=0.262-0.975),whereas the maximum dose of D2％,the average dose of D and target homogeneity index (HI) of the FF plans were slightly advantageous to those of the FFF plan (P=0.004-0.038).The acceptable dose of bilateral lenses,the volume of the left parotid gland with an acceptable dose of＞ 30 Gy and the average dose of the left temporal lobe in the FFF mode were declined compared with those in the FF mode (P=0.002-0.025).The volume of normal tissues (Body) within the dose range of 2-30 Gy in the FFF mode was less than that in the FF mode (P=0.000-0.003).In the FFF mode,the mean number of machine hops was 1.188 times (P=0.000) and the average time of beam was 91.2％ of the FF plan (P=0.024).Conclusions Both the FF and FFF plans qualify the dosimetric requirements in clinical settings.FF plan is advantageous in terms of the dose distribution in the target area,whereas FFF plan yields better OAR protection and low-dose irradiation.In spite of the increasing quantity of machine hops,the time of beam is declined in the FFF plan.Consequently,FFF mode probably contributes to enhance the clinical efficacy.
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OBJECTIVE:To find the active ingredient of on antithrombotic chuanxiong rhizoma using computer aided drug de-sign. METHODS:Usingthrombosisas keyword,thrombosis related proteins were searched and screened in therapeutic target da-tabase;target proteins'three-dimensional structure were downloaded in protein database,then the protein preparing tool were used to determine the coordinates of the active area center. PyRx software and Discovery Studio Visualizer were used to match the 247 small molecules of chuanxiong rhizoma with target protein that downloaded from Taiwan traditional Chinese medicine database. The active molecules were screened and binding force was analyzed. RESULTS:Active molecules of neochlorogenic acid,1-H-benz-imidazole-2-amine,3,8-dihydrodiligustilide,chuanxiongterpene were selected by blinding energy,and there were high binding ac-tivity among these active molecules,thrombin,antithrombinⅢ,coagulation factorⅩa and thrombomodulin,and the binding ener-gy were -6.1,-4.5,-7.7,-8.6 kJ/mol. Analysis results showed van Edward force and electrostatic interactions played an im-portant role in their respective docking. CONCLUSIONS:Neochlorogenic acid,1-H-benzimidazole-2-amine,3,8-dihydrodiligusti-lide,chuanxiongterpene may be the antithrombotic activity ingredients of Chuanxiong rhizoma.
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OBJECTIVE:To analyze the differences of inorganic elements in different parts of Saururus chinensis.METHODS:The samples were treated with microwave digestion.The contents of 25 inorganic elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method:RF power of 1 200 W,cooling gas flow of 14 L/min,auxiliary gas flow of 1.0 L/ min,atomizing air flow of 0.9 L/min,He as collision gas with flow rate of 4.8 mL/min,sampling cone aperture of 1.1 mm,skimmer cone aperture of 0.9 mm,super skimmer cone aperture of 1.0 mm,integral time of 1 s,delay time of 40 s,single hop as scanning mode,repeated for 3 times.The data of principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were analyzed with the SIMCA-P 13.0 statistical software.RESULTS:The linear ranges of lithium (Li),beryllium (Be),boron (B),magnesium (Mg),aluminum (Al),titanium (Ti),vanadium (V),chromium (Cr),manganese (Mn),iron (Fe),cobalt (Co),nickel (Ni),copper (Cu),zinc (Zn),gallium (Ga),arsenic (As),cobalt (Sr),cadmium (Cd),tin (Sn),antimony (Sb),barium (Ba),mercury (Hg),thallium (Ti),lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) were 0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 9),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 8),0.1-10.0 μg/L(r=0.999 5),1.0-100.0 μg/L(r=0.999 5),1.00-100.0 μg/L(r=0.999 3),0.10-10.0 μg/L(r=0.999 9),0.05-5.0 μg/L (r=0.999 7),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 5),0.10-10.0 μg/L(r=0.999 8),1.00-100.0 μg/L(r=0.999 4),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 9),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 7),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 5),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 8),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 6),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 8),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 9),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 3),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 4),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 8),0.1-10.0 μg/L(r=0.999 6),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 6),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 6),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 7),0.05-5.0 μg/L(r=0.999 4),respectively.The detection limits were no higher than 13.2 ng/L.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.12％.The recoveries ranged 90.18％-123.01％ (RSD were 2.05％-5.79％,n=6).The contents of Sb,Sn,Mn,Cd,Ti,Ba,Co,As,Be,Ga,Ni were higher in aerial part than in rhizome part,while the content of Cr was higher in rhizome part than in aerial part.CONCLUSIONS:Mg,Fe and A1 are abundant in aerial part and rhizome part of S.chinensis.The contents of inorganic elements are significantly different in different parts of S.chinensis.
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Objective To explore the role of the improved computer aided design of the digital three -dimensional titanium mesh in the repair of skull,to reduce the incidence of postoperative epidural hematoma and epidural fluid.Methods Retrospective analysis of 93 cases of skull repair using the three -dimensional titanium mesh was conducted.49 cases in the conventional group used the conventional three -dimensional titanium mesh. 44 cases in the observation group were given the improved three -dimensional titanium mesh.The clinical effect of the two groups was observed.Results In the conventional group,postoperative epidural hematoma occurred in 4 cases, 1 case of epidural fluid.All patients were fine in the observation group.The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh could reduce the incidence of epidural hematoma and effusion(χ2 =4.745,P =0.029).The conventional group and the observation group both had one case of infection after operation,there was no significant difference between the two groups(χ2 =0.001,P =1.000).Conclusion The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh can effective-ly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the curative effect of the operation.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical curative effect and security by performing the clinical study ofYinggencao formula in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with blood-heat TCM syndrome.MethodsA total of 75 patients, diagnosed with Psoriasis Vulgaris Blood-heat RCM syndrome, were randomizedly divided into the treatmeat group with 39 patients and the control group with 36. The treatment group tookYinggencao formula twice daily, while the control group tookQingdai capsules three times daily. All the patients were treated 12 weeks. PASI scores were used as the main outcome and to estimate the curative effect rates.ResultsThe PASI scores of patients in the treatment group (6.97 ± 2.02vs. 16.88 ± 2.91;t=14.380,P=0.009) and the control group (13.14 ± 3.18vs. 17.49 ± 2.32;t=7.780,P=0.013) after treatment showed significantly lower than the scores before. The PASI scores showed significant difference between the two groups after the treatment (P=0.027). The total effective rate of treatment group was significantly higher than the control group (76.9%vs. 61.1%;χ2=5.120, P<0.05).Conclusions TheYinggencao formula therapy showed better effect thanQingdai capsules therapy in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with blood-heat TCM syndrome.
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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of curing-injury cataplasma on the expression of aquaporin protein 3 (AQP-3) in skeletal muscle of rat model with acute injury in soft tissues.@*METHODS@#A total of 54 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, and by using 10% sodium sulfide the depilating treatment was made in the thigh lateral of each left hind leg 1 day before modeling. The depilatory area in the control group was merely marked with striking range, not attacked for modeling. In the depilatory area of the modeling group, the blowing apparatus was used to attack the marked range to establish the model of soft tissue swelling with acute injury, to which none medication was given. In the drug treatment group, immediately after establishing the model of soft tissue swelling with acute injury, curing-injury cataplasma was scattered on the stricken area, and fixed with bandage. After the modeling, the rats were killed at 1 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d, 3 rats in each group at each time point. In the marked area some tissue was taken, and the dry/wet proportion method was used to detect the water content in the skeletal muscle. Western blot and qPCR method were used for the AQP-3 protein and the level of gene expression.@*RESULTS@#At the six time points, for the modeling and drug treatment groups, the water content of skeletal muscle was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). At 3 d, 5 d and 7 d, the water content in the drug treatment group was lower than that of the modeling group (P<0.01); for the modeling and drug treatment groups, AQP-3 protein and the level of gene expression were higher than those of the control group. There was significant difference between the drug treatment group and the modeling group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Curing-injury cataplasma can relieve soft tissue swelling with acute injury, and accelerate the repair process after the injury.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Aquaporin 3 , Metabolism , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Hindlimb , Wounds and Injuries , Muscle, Skeletal , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Soft Tissue Injuries , Drug Therapy , MetabolismABSTRACT
Water balance is one of the basic regulation mechanisms of homeostasis. There are 13 subtypes of aquaporins in mammals (AQP0-AQP12). In neural system, the AQP4 is mainly distributed in astrocytes. Phosphorylation and expression regulation of AQP4 is involved in the formation of brain edema, particularly in the clearance of vasogenic edema and the formation of cytotoxic edema. This article reviews regulations and functions of AQP4 in vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema.
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Animals , Humans , Aquaporin 4 , Metabolism , Physiology , Brain , Metabolism , Brain Edema , Metabolism , Homeostasis , Water-Electrolyte Balance , PhysiologyABSTRACT
This study was aimed to observe the analgesia of curing-injury Cataplasma and discuss the Nav1 . 7 expression in dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) in model rats with formaldehyde-induced inflammatory pain . A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, which were the blank control group (n = 12), model group ( n = 12 ) , and treatment group ( n = 12 ) . The blank control group was without any treatment . The model group was injected with 0 . 1 mL 5% saline formalin on the left rear foot . The treatment group was applied with curing-injury Cataplasma on the left rear foot 24 h before the injection of 0 . 1 mL 5% saline formalin in the establishment of animal model . The behavior reactions to pain of model rats were observed . Dubuisson score was recorded and compared . Meanwhile , L3-6 DRG was collected from rats in each group . The expres-sion of Nav1 . 7 was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot . The results showed that the pain reaction integral in the treatment group was lower than the model group ( P < 0 . 05 ) . Results from the real-time quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression of Nav1 . 7 mRNA in the model group was more than the treatment group . And the relative expression of Nav1 . 7 mRNA in the treatment group was more than the blank control group . There was significant difference among three groups ( P < 0 . 05 ) . There was no statistical difference at the three time points within three groups. Results from the western blot showed that the relative expression of Nav1 . 7 in the model group was more than the treatment group . And the expression of Nav1 . 7 in the treatment group was more than the blank control group . There was significant difference among three groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference at the three time points within three groups. It was concluded that the curing-injury Cataplasma can alleviate inflammatory pain response in rats, and have certain analgesia effect . Meanwhile , it can influence Nav1 . 7 expression in DRG in model rats with formaldehyde-induced inflam-matory pain .
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ObjectiveTo explore the chnical application value of ultrafine electronic endoscopy on the diagnosis of pediatric diseases of upper digestive tract.MethodsSeventy-five cases suspected upper gastrointestinal diseases from January 2009 to June 2010 were selected and were divided by systematic sampling method into observation group(47 cases) which was diagnosed with ultrafine electronic endoscopy and control group(28 cases) which was diagnosed by normal endoscopy.The data of diagnosis and compliance of two groups were observed and compared.ResultsCompliance rate of observation group and control group had significant difference[ 100.0％(47/47) vs.67.9％(19/28),P ＜ 0.01 ].The incidence rates of nausea,salivation and restless of observation group [ 8.5％(4/47 ),6.4％(3/47),8.5％(4/47 ) ]were lower than those of control group [39.3％(11/28),28.6％(8/28),50.0％(14/28)](P＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).Correct diagnosis rate of control group was 84.2％ (16/19),while that of observation group was 95.7％ (45/47),but comparison of diagnosis showed no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05).The incidence rates of diaphragmatic spasm,sore throat and slow heartbeat in successful examination cases of control group[21.1％ (4/19),31.6％ (6/19),21.1％ (4/19) ]significant higher than those of observation group [0,2.1％ ( 1/47),2.1％(1/47) ](P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionUltrafine electronic endoscopy can achieve the same accuracy as normal endoscopy,but compared with normal endoscopy,it can improve the compliance of children during the examination and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.
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Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)is a more advanced radiotherapy technique than routine radiotherapy,and has been effectively utilized in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Rradiotherapy alone has disappointing effect to local advanced cases.Nevertheless,chemoradiotherapy provides long term survival.Chemoradiotherapy is becoming the standard therapeutic regimen for local advanced NPC.But different ways of chemomdiotherapy such as induction,concurrent,adjuvant chemotherapy still need to be defined.
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Background and purpose:It has been shown that chemotherapy could improve the quality of life and prolongation of survival time of the patients with advanced gastric cancer. There is still no standard chemotherapy regimen for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer, and regimens with high efficacy and safety are scare. Toxicities are considered to be limiting factors and in? uence the quality of life in the patients with advanced gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effi cacy and toxicity of docetaxel(DOC) in combination with oxaliplatin(OXA) as fi rst-line treatment in advanced gastric cancer and try to fi nd a regimen that would be more tolerable without deterioration of treatment response. Methods:48 patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m2, ivgtt, d1,d8 combined with oxaliplatin 130 mg/ m2,ivgtt,d1 ;repeated every 3 weeks (one cycle) ,The effect was evaluated after two cycles. The effi cacy and toxicity were evaluated according to WHO standard. Results:48 patients could be evaluated for clinical response. Complete response in 3 pts and partial response in 24 pts were observed with an overall response rate of 56.25%, median time to progression (MTTP) was 5.6 months and median overall survival (MST) was 11.8 months. The most common toxicities were bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuritis, nausea and vomiting. All of them are reversible. Conclusion:Combining weekly docetaxel and oxaliplatin is an effective and well tolerated alternative treatment in advanced gastric cancer and has yielded promising results.
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Objective To investigate the possibility that transplanting the full-thickness neonatal piggy retinas that are completely differentiated but immature improves the retinal function after light-induced retinal degeneration in pigs.Methods Retinas from normal Guangxi Bama pigs aged 1-6 days were used as donor tissues.Neuroretina-RPE cografts were obtained from newborn pigs by using excimer laser for microablation of choroidal tissue and transplanted into the subretinal cavity of adult Bama pigs after light-induced retinal degeneration through vitrectomy and retinotomy.On days 5-7 and in 1st to 5th month after retinal transplantation,the survival of the cografts in the recipients and whether the host retinas have rejection were observed by ophthalmoscope,colour fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography,and the amplitude and lantency of N1,P1 waves between different periods were measured by mfERG.Results The retinal transplantation was performed in 15 eyes of 8 Bama pigs after light-induced retinal degeneration.The subretinal transplantation of the cografts was performed successfully in 11 eyes,with the operation success rate of 84.6%(11/15).In host retina,the gray-black graft inside transplantation bed could be seen clearly in 1st to 2nd month after transplantation and the leaked fluorescence in transplants was checked with FFA.The vertical comparison between different periods showed the amplitude of N1,P1 waves of retinal transplants rose with the extension of the survival time,and the areas where active response was observed were ring 2 and ring 3;but the latency of N1,P1 waves was shortened significantly in each ring as compared with that before operation,especially in late survival period.Conclusion The function measurement and the observation of living body together confirm the transplantation of completely differentiated retina from newborn pigs improves the retinal function of pigs after light-induced retinal degeneration.
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0.05).Conclusion Vitrectomy significantly alters the stability of tear film.The tear film function returned to preoperative conditions in 3 months after operation.
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0.05)。The median time to progression (mTTP)was 5.8 months in XELOX group and 5.7 months in FOLFOX4 group. The median survival time (MST) was 10.0 months in XELOX group and 9.8 months in FOLFOX4 group, The toxicities were well tolerated,The incidence of grade Ⅲ+Ⅳ nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in XELOX group than in FOLFOX4 group (P0.05).Conclusions:Both of the two regimens were feasible, well tolerated and effective in treatment of advanced gastric cancer。XELOX regimen may be safer than FOLFOX4 regimen,especially in elderly patients or patients with ECOG PS of 1 to 2.
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Objective To evaluate the causes of the metamorphopsia in patients with reattached retina after scleral buckling surgery. Methods Amsler grid test, ophthalmoscopic examination, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed on 79 patients (79 eyes) with reattached retina at the 2nd week, 2nd, 6th month and 1st year after scleral buckling operation. Results Two weeks after the operation, 51 patients (51 eyes, 64.56%) complained of metamorphopsia, and 44 patients (44 eyes, including 35 with and 9 without metamorphopsia) were examined by OCT and FFA. In patients with metamorphopsia, the results of OCT in 31 (88.57%) revealed abnormal macula with seven kinds consisting mostly of stratum neuroepithelium detachment (74.29%), while of FFA in 6 patients showed abnormal macular (17.14%) including 4 with neuroepithelium detachment (66.67%). In patients without metamorphopsia, abnormal macula could be found in 2 by OCT while nothing special was seen in FFA. Most abnormal macula in patients followed-up 2 months, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively meliorated as time went by, with alleviative or disappeared metamorphopsia; while the patients with persistently existing macular membrane had aggravating metamorphopsia. Conclusions Abnormal macula is the main reason for metamorphopsia after scleral buckling surgery. Neuroepithelium detachment and macular membrane are the main causes of metamorphopsia at the early and terminal stage after operation.
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0.05).The median time to progression (mTTP) was 7.8 months in HCPTOX group and 7.9 months in FOLFOX4 group, respectively. The median survival time (MST) was 13.1 months in HCPTOX group and 13.3 months in FOLFOX4 group, respectively. The toxicities were well tolerated.The incidence of grade Ⅲ+Ⅳ nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in HCPTOX group than in FOLFOX4 group (?2=4.538,P0.05). Conclusion:Both of the two regimens were feasible, well tolerated and effective in treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.HCPTOX regimen might be safer than FOLFOX4 regimen,especially in elderly patients or patients with ECOG PS of 1 to 2.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of vitreoretinal surgery for the treatment of complicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and to study the correlated factors affecting the surgical outcomes. Methods Complete follow up data from 103 patients (eyes) with complicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with vitreoretinal surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Conditions of the eyes included macular hole in 21 eyes [with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) stage C2 or more serious in 12 eyes], giant hole in 11 eyes, and PVR stage C2 to D3 in 71 eyes. Filling with C3F8 was performed in 82 eyes, and silicone oil in 21 eyes. A follow up for 3-18 months was conducted. Results The reattachment of retina was achieved in 99 eyes (96.1%) and functional success in 68 eyes (66.0%). In eyes with functional success, visual acuity of 0.02-0.08 was achieved in 18 eyes, 0 1-0 4 in 39 eyes, 0.5-0.9 in 10 eyes, and 1.0 in 1 eye. Conclusion Vitreoretinal surgery is an effective way for the management of complicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Early surgery may result in satisfactory surgical outcomes.
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Objective To measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF?), insulin like growth factor (IGF), and transforming growth factor ? (TGF?) in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy (TPVR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods The levels of TNF?, TGF?, and IGF in vitreous samples taken from 56 patients and 13 normal subjects were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results The levels of TNF? and IGF in vitreous samples from patients with PVR, TPVR, and PDR increased significantly, as compared with those of the normal controls ( P 0.05). Conclusion TNF? and IGF participate in the pathogenesis of PVR, TPVR, and PDR.